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PTPN22 (short for protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22), known as a risk factor in multiple autoimmune disorders, reduces T-cell activity by removing phosphate groups from phosphorylated proteins such as LCK, Fyn, and Zap70, which are associated with T-cell receptor signaling pathway

1 Introduction Parkinsons disease (PD) ranks as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, primarily manifesting through hallmark motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability, and rigidity, with non-motor symptoms including sleep disturbances, olfactory deficits, cognitive impairments, and depression often predating the motor manifestations ( Quercetin, a polyphenolic bioflavonoid widely distributed in fruits and vegetables, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, offering a promising neuroprotective potential for PD management ( Niosomes, composed of a nonionic surfactant shell and an aqueous core, exhibit enhanced chemical and physical stability over liposomes, making them suitable for diverse drug delivery applications ( in situ gel offers direct central nervous system (CNS) access via the olfactory and trigeminal pathways, minimizing systemic side effects (Gastrointestinal Irritation, Hepatotoxicity, Renal Stress) while enhancing bioavailability

Abbreviations AML: Acute myeloid leukemia GPX: Glutathione peroxidase GSH: Glutathione GSSG: Oxidized glutathione ROS: Reactive oxygen species xCT: Glutamate cysteine antiporter SLC7A11: Solute carrier family 7 member 11 SLC3A2: Solute carrier family 3 member 2 NRF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 Fe 2+ : Ferrous ion Fe 3+ : Ferric ion HSC: Hematopoietic stem cell Vav1: Vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 CMP: Common myeloid progenitor GMP: Granulocyte-monocyte progenitor MEP: Megakaryocytes-erythroid progenitor PMN: PolyMorphoNuclear TGCA: TGCA AML cohort AIFM2: Apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associate 2 FSP1: Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 ETC: Electron transport Chai VDAC: Voltage-dependent anion channel BSO: Buthionine sulfoximine CMA: Chaperone-mediated autophagy Fin56: Ferroptosis inhibitor 56 CML: Chronic myelogenous leukemia STUB1: STIP1 Homology And U-Box Containing Protein 1 NFE2L2/NRF2: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 FDA: Food and drug administration TXNRD1: Thioredoxin reductase 1 GRX1: Glutaredoxin 1 MDS: Myelodysplatic syndromes CREB: CAMP-response element SP1: SP1 transcription factor AP2: Transcription factor AP2 PPAR: Proliferator-activated receptor alpha KLF2: Krppel-like transcription factor 2 CREM: CAMP-response element modulator RSL3: Ras-selective lethal 3 LAMP2: Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 ALL: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia MM: Multiple myeloma NHL: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Il-1: Interleukin 1 Il-6: Interleukin 6 TNF: Tumor necrosis factor alpha References Xie Y, Kang R, Klionsky DJ, Tang D