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Deficiency Lipoic acid deficiency has been described in rare cases of inherited mutations in the lipoic acid biosynthetic pathway

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Animal models confirm TMAOs pathogenic role: reducing plasma TMAO slows CKD progression (138), while TMAO accelerates diabetic nephropathy by activating NLRP3 inflammasome, promoting IL-1/IL-18 release, and worsening renal dysfunction/fibrosis (139)

The most common are diet-induced obesity (DIO) rodent models, where C57BL/6J mice or Sprague-Dawley rats are fed high-fat diets to recapitulate key features of metabolic syndrome

While both are amino acid-related, their mechanisms and benefits differ significantly

This entire process is called beta-oxidation, which is essential for ATP generation and fat oxidation, the primary source of energy for cells